Integer Objects

All integers are implemented as “long” integer objects of arbitrary size.

On error, most PyLong_As* APIs return (return type)-1 which cannot be distinguished from a number. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

type PyLongObject

Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).

This subtype of PyObject represents a Python integer object.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type

Part of the Stable ABI.

This instance of PyTypeObject represents the Python integer type. This is the same object as int in the Python layer.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

Return true if its argument is a PyLongObject or a subtype of PyLongObject. This function always succeeds.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

Return true if its argument is a PyLongObject, but not a subtype of PyLongObject. This function always succeeds.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLong(long v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from v, or NULL on failure.

The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between -5 and 256. When you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a C Py_ssize_t, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a C size_t, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a C long long, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromInt32(int32_t value)

PyObject *PyLong_FromInt64(int64_t value)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a signed C int32_t or int64_t, or NULL with an exception set on failure.

Added in version 3.14.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from a C unsigned long long, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUInt32(uint32_t value)

PyObject *PyLong_FromUInt64(uint64_t value)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.

Return a new PyLongObject object from an unsigned C uint32_t or uint64_t, or NULL with an exception set on failure.

Added in version 3.14.

PyObject *PyLong_FromDouble(double v)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject object from the integer part of v, or NULL on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a new PyLongObject based on the string value in str, which is interpreted according to the radix in base, or NULL on failure. If pend is non-NULL, *pend will point to the end of str on success or to the first character that could not be processed on error. If base is 0, str is interpreted using the Integer literals definition; in this case, leading zeros in a non-zero decimal number raises a ValueError. If base is not 0, it must be between 2 and 36, inclusive. Leading and trailing whitespace and single underscores after a base specifier and between digits are ignored. If there are no digits or str is not NULL-terminated following the digits and trailing whitespace, ValueError will be raised.

See also

PyLong_AsNativeBytes() and PyLong_FromNativeBytes() functions can be used to convert a PyLongObject to/from an array of bytes in base 256.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)

Return value: New reference.

Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string u to a Python integer value.

Added in version 3.3.

PyObject *PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Create a Python integer from the pointer p. The pointer value can be retrieved from the resulting value using PyLong_AsVoidPtr().

PyObject *PyLong_FromNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first n_bytes of buffer, interpreted as a two’s-complement signed number.

flags are as for PyLong_AsNativeBytes(). Passing -1 will select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the most-significant bit is a sign bit. Passing Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER will produce the same result as calling PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(). Other flags are ignored.

Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedNativeBytes(const void *buffer, size_t n_bytes, int flags)

Create a Python integer from the value contained in the first n_bytes of buffer, interpreted as an unsigned number.

flags are as for PyLong_AsNativeBytes(). Passing -1 will select the native endian that CPython was compiled with and assume that the most-significant bit is not a sign bit. Flags other than endian are ignored.

Added in version 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of obj is out of range for a long.

Returns -1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

long PyLong_AS_LONG(PyObject *obj)

A soft deprecated alias. Exactly equivalent to the preferred PyLong_AsLong. In particular, it can fail with OverflowError or another exception.

Deprecated since version 3.14: The function is soft deprecated.

int PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

Similar to PyLong_AsLong(), but store the result in a C int instead of a C long.

Added in version 3.13.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

If the value of obj is greater than LONG_MAX or less than LONG_MIN, set *overflow to 1 or -1, respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to 0. If any other exception occurs set *overflow to 0 and return -1 as usual.

Returns -1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of obj is out of range for a long long.

Returns -1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

If the value of obj is greater than LLONG_MAX or less than LLONG_MIN, set *overflow to 1 or -1, respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to 0. If any other exception occurs set *overflow to 0 and return -1 as usual.

Returns -1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Added in version 3.2.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C Py_ssize_t representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of pylong is out of range for a Py_ssize_t.

Returns -1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C unsigned long representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of pylong is out of range for a unsigned long.

Returns (unsigned long)-1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C size_t representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of pylong is out of range for a size_t.

Returns (size_t)-1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C unsigned long long representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of pylong is out of range for an unsigned long long.

Returns (unsigned long long)-1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.1: A negative pylong now raises OverflowError, not TypeError.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C unsigned long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

If the value of obj is out of range for an unsigned long, return the reduction of that value modulo ULONG_MAX + 1.

Returns (unsigned long)-1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C unsigned long long representation of obj. If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

If the value of obj is out of range for an unsigned long long, return the reduction of that value modulo ULLONG_MAX + 1.

Returns (unsigned long long)-1 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Changed in version 3.8: Use __index__() if available.

Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use __int__().

int PyLong_AsInt32(PyObject *obj, int32_t *value)

int PyLong_AsInt64(PyObject *obj, int64_t *value)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.

Set *value to a signed C int32_t or int64_t representation of obj.

If the obj value is out of range, raise an OverflowError.

Set *value and return 0 on success. Set an exception and return -1 on error.

value must not be NULL.

Added in version 3.14.

int PyLong_AsUInt32(PyObject *obj, uint32_t *value)

int PyLong_AsUInt64(PyObject *obj, uint64_t *value)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.

Set *value to an unsigned C uint32_t or uint64_t representation of obj.

If obj is not an instance of PyLongObject, first call its __index__() method (if present) to convert it to a PyLongObject.

• If obj is negative, raise a ValueError.

• If the obj value is out of range, raise an OverflowError.

Set *value and return 0 on success. Set an exception and return -1 on error.

value must not be NULL.

Added in version 3.14.

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return a C double representation of pylong. pylong must be an instance of PyLongObject.

Raise OverflowError if the value of pylong is out of range for a double.

Returns -1.0 on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

void *PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Convert a Python integer pylong to a C void pointer. If pylong cannot be converted, an OverflowError will be raised. This is only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created with PyLong_FromVoidPtr().

Returns NULL on error. Use PyErr_Occurred() to disambiguate.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsNativeBytes(PyObject *pylong, void *buffer, Py_ssize_t n_bytes, int flags)

Copy the Python integer value pylong to a native buffer of size n_bytes. The flags can be set to -1 to behave similarly to a C cast, or to values documented below to control the behavior.

Returns -1 with an exception raised on error. This may happen if pylong cannot be interpreted as an integer, or if pylong was negative and the Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE flag was set.

Otherwise, returns the number of bytes required to store the value. If this is equal to or less than n_bytes, the entire value was copied. All n_bytes of the buffer are written: large buffers are padded with zeroes.

If the returned value is greater than than n_bytes, the value was truncated: as many of the lowest bits of the value as could fit are written, and the higher bits are ignored. This matches the typical behavior of a C-style downcast.

Note

Overflow is not considered an error. If the returned value is larger than n_bytes, most significant bits were discarded.

0 will never be returned.

Values are always copied as two’s-complement.

Usage example:

int32_t value;
Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, &value, sizeof(value), -1);
if (bytes < 0) {
    // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
    return NULL;
}
else if (bytes <= (Py_ssize_t)sizeof(value)) {
    // Success!
}
else {
    // Overflow occurred, but 'value' contains the truncated
    // lowest bits of pylong.
}

Passing zero to n_bytes will return the size of a buffer that would be large enough to hold the value. This may be larger than technically necessary, but not unreasonably so. If n_bytes=0, buffer may be NULL.

Note

Passing n_bytes=0 to this function is not an accurate way to determine the bit length of the value.

To get at the entire Python value of an unknown size, the function can be called twice: first to determine the buffer size, then to fill it:

// Ask how much space we need.
Py_ssize_t expected = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, NULL, 0, -1);
if (expected < 0) {
    // Failed. A Python exception was set with the reason.
    return NULL;
}
assert(expected != 0);  // Impossible per the API definition.
uint8_t *bignum = malloc(expected);
if (!bignum) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "bignum malloc failed.");
    return NULL;
}
// Safely get the entire value.
Py_ssize_t bytes = PyLong_AsNativeBytes(pylong, bignum, expected, -1);
if (bytes < 0) {  // Exception has been set.
    free(bignum);
    return NULL;
}
else if (bytes > expected) {  // This should not be possible.
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
        "Unexpected bignum truncation after a size check.");
    free(bignum);
    return NULL;
}
// The expected success given the above pre-check.
// ... use bignum ...
free(bignum);

flags is either -1 (Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS) to select defaults that behave most like a C cast, or a combination of the other flags in the table below. Note that -1 cannot be combined with other flags.

Currently, -1 corresponds to Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN | Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER.

Flag	Value
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_DEFAULTS	-1
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_BIG_ENDIAN	0
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN	1
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN	3
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER	4
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE	8
Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX	16

Specifying Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_NATIVE_ENDIAN will override any other endian flags. Passing 2 is reserved.

By default, sufficient buffer will be requested to include a sign bit. For example, when converting 128 with n_bytes=1, the function will return 2 (or more) in order to store a zero sign bit.

If Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER is specified, a zero sign bit will be omitted from size calculations. This allows, for example, 128 to fit in a single-byte buffer. If the destination buffer is later treated as signed, a positive input value may become negative. Note that the flag does not affect handling of negative values: for those, space for a sign bit is always requested.

Specifying Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_REJECT_NEGATIVE causes an exception to be set if pylong is negative. Without this flag, negative values will be copied provided there is enough space for at least one sign bit, regardless of whether Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_UNSIGNED_BUFFER was specified.

If Py_ASNATIVEBYTES_ALLOW_INDEX is specified and a non-integer value is passed, its __index__() method will be called first. This may result in Python code executing and other threads being allowed to run, which could cause changes to other objects or values in use. When flags is -1, this option is not set, and non-integer values will raise TypeError.

Note

With the default flags (-1, or UNSIGNED_BUFFER without REJECT_NEGATIVE), multiple Python integers can map to a single value without overflow. For example, both 255 and -1 fit a single-byte buffer and set all its bits. This matches typical C cast behavior.

Added in version 3.13.

int PyLong_GetSign(PyObject *obj, int *sign)

Get the sign of the integer object obj.

On success, set *sign to the integer sign (0, -1 or +1 for zero, negative or positive integer, respectively) and return 0.

On failure, return -1 with an exception set. This function always succeeds if obj is a PyLongObject or its subtype.

Added in version 3.14.

int PyLong_IsPositive(PyObject *obj)

Check if the integer object obj is positive (obj > 0).

If obj is an instance of PyLongObject or its subtype, return 1 when it’s positive and 0 otherwise. Else set an exception and return -1.

Added in version 3.14.

int PyLong_IsNegative(PyObject *obj)

Check if the integer object obj is negative (obj < 0).

If obj is an instance of PyLongObject or its subtype, return 1 when it’s negative and 0 otherwise. Else set an exception and return -1.

Added in version 3.14.

int PyLong_IsZero(PyObject *obj)

Check if the integer object obj is zero.

If obj is an instance of PyLongObject or its subtype, return 1 when it’s zero and 0 otherwise. Else set an exception and return -1.

Added in version 3.14.

PyObject *PyLong_GetInfo(void)

Part of the Stable ABI.

On success, return a read only named tuple, that holds information about Python’s internal representation of integers. See sys.int_info for description of individual fields.

On failure, return NULL with an exception set.

Added in version 3.1.

int PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(const PyLongObject *op)

This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor releases.

Return 1 if op is compact, 0 otherwise.

This function makes it possible for performance-critical code to implement a “fast path” for small integers. For compact values use PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(); for others fall back to a PyLong_As* function or PyLong_AsNativeBytes().

The speedup is expected to be negligible for most users.

Exactly what values are considered compact is an implementation detail and is subject to change.

Added in version 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(const PyLongObject *op)

This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor releases.

If op is compact, as determined by PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(), return its value.

Otherwise, the return value is undefined.

Added in version 3.12.

Export API

Added in version 3.14.

struct PyLongLayout

Layout of an array of “digits” (“limbs” in the GMP terminology), used to represent absolute value for arbitrary precision integers.

Use PyLong_GetNativeLayout() to get the native layout of Python int objects, used internally for integers with “big enough” absolute value.

See also sys.int_info which exposes similar information in Python.

uint8_t bits_per_digit

Bits per digit. For example, a 15 bit digit means that bits 0-14 contain meaningful information.

uint8_t digit_size

Digit size in bytes. For example, a 15 bit digit will require at least 2 bytes.

int8_t digits_order

Digits order:

• 1 for most significant digit first

• -1 for least significant digit first

int8_t digit_endianness

Digit endianness:

• 1 for most significant byte first (big endian)

• -1 for least significant byte first (little endian)

const PyLongLayout *PyLong_GetNativeLayout(void)

Get the native layout of Python int objects.

See the PyLongLayout structure.

The function must not be called before Python initialization nor after Python finalization. The returned layout is valid until Python is finalized. The layout is the same for all Python sub-interpreters in a process, and so it can be cached.

struct PyLongExport

Export of a Python int object.

There are two cases:

• If digits is NULL, only use the value member.

• If digits is not NULL, use negative, ndigits and digits members.

int64_t value

The native integer value of the exported int object. Only valid if digits is NULL.

uint8_t negative

1 if the number is negative, 0 otherwise. Only valid if digits is not NULL.

Py_ssize_t ndigits

Number of digits in digits array. Only valid if digits is not NULL.

const void *digits

Read-only array of unsigned digits. Can be NULL.

int PyLong_Export(PyObject *obj, PyLongExport *export_long)

Export a Python int object.

export_long must point to a PyLongExport structure allocated by the caller. It must not be NULL.

On success, fill in *export_long and return 0. On error, set an exception and return -1.

PyLong_FreeExport() must be called when the export is no longer needed.

CPython implementation detail: This function always succeeds if obj is a Python int object or a subclass.

void PyLong_FreeExport(PyLongExport *export_long)

Release the export export_long created by PyLong_Export().

CPython implementation detail: Calling PyLong_FreeExport() is optional if export_long->digits is NULL.

PyLongWriter API

The PyLongWriter API can be used to import an integer.

Added in version 3.14.

struct PyLongWriter

A Python int writer instance.

The instance must be destroyed by PyLongWriter_Finish() or PyLongWriter_Discard().

PyLongWriter *PyLongWriter_Create(int negative, Py_ssize_t ndigits, void **digits)

Create a PyLongWriter.

On success, allocate *digits and return a writer. On error, set an exception and return NULL.

negative is 1 if the number is negative, or 0 otherwise.

ndigits is the number of digits in the digits array. It must be greater than 0.

digits must not be NULL.

After a successful call to this function, the caller should fill in the array of digits digits and then call PyLongWriter_Finish() to get a Python int. The layout of digits is described by PyLong_GetNativeLayout().

Digits must be in the range [0; (1 << bits_per_digit) - 1] (where the bits_per_digit is the number of bits per digit). Any unused most significant digits must be set to 0.

Alternately, call PyLongWriter_Discard() to destroy the writer instance without creating an int object.

PyObject *PyLongWriter_Finish(PyLongWriter *writer)

Return value: New reference.

Finish a PyLongWriter created by PyLongWriter_Create().

On success, return a Python int object. On error, set an exception and return NULL.

The function takes care of normalizing the digits and converts the object to a compact integer if needed.

The writer instance and the digits array are invalid after the call.

void PyLongWriter_Discard(PyLongWriter *writer)

Discard a PyLongWriter created by PyLongWriter_Create().

writer must not be NULL.

The writer instance and the digits array are invalid after the call.