Python Module Index

_ | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | z


	_
	`__future__`	Future statement definitions
	`__main__`	The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``.
	`_thread`	Low-level threading API.
	`_tkinter`	A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk.

	a
	`abc`	Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`.
	`aifc`	Deprecated: Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.
	`argparse`	Command-line option and argument parsing library.
	`array`	Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.
	`ast`	Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.
	`asynchat`	Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.
	`asyncio`	Asynchronous I/O.
	`asyncore`	Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.
	`atexit`	Register and execute cleanup functions.
	`audioop`	Deprecated: Manipulate raw audio data.

	b
	`base64`	RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85
	`bdb`	Debugger framework.
	`binascii`	Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.
	`bisect`	Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.
	`builtins`	The module that provides the built-in namespace.
	`bz2`	Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.

	c
	`calendar`	Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.
	`cgi`	Deprecated: Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.
	`cgitb`	Deprecated: Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.
	`chunk`	Deprecated: Module to read IFF chunks.
	`cmath`	Mathematical functions for complex numbers.
	`cmd`	Build line-oriented command interpreters.
	`code`	Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.
	`codecs`	Encode and decode data and streams.
	`codeop`	Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.
	`collections`	Container datatypes
	`collections.abc`	Abstract base classes for containers
	`colorsys`	Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.
	`compileall`	Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.
	`concurrent`
	`concurrent.futures`	Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.
	`configparser`	Configuration file parser.
	`contextlib`	Utilities for with-statement contexts.
	`contextvars`	Context Variables
	`copy`	Shallow and deep copy operations.
	`copyreg`	Register pickle support functions.
	`cProfile`
	`crypt` (Unix)	Deprecated: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.
	`csv`	Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.
	`ctypes`	A foreign function library for Python.
	`curses` (Unix)	An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.
	`curses.ascii`	Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.
	`curses.panel`	A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
	`curses.textpad`	Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.

	d
	`dataclasses`	Generate special methods on user-defined classes.
	`datetime`	Basic date and time types.
	`dbm`	Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.
	`dbm.dumb`	Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.
	`dbm.gnu` (Unix)	GNU database manager
	`dbm.ndbm` (Unix)	The New Database Manager
	`decimal`	Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.
	`difflib`	Helpers for computing differences between objects.
	`dis`	Disassembler for Python bytecode.
	`distutils`	Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.
	`doctest`	Test pieces of code within docstrings.

	e
	`email`	Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.
	`email.charset`	Character Sets
	`email.contentmanager`	Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts
	`email.encoders`	Encoders for email message payloads.
	`email.errors`	The exception classes used by the email package.
	`email.generator`	Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.
	`email.header`	Representing non-ASCII headers
	`email.headerregistry`	Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name
	`email.iterators`	Iterate over a message object tree.
	`email.message`	The base class representing email messages.
	`email.mime`	Build MIME messages.
	`email.mime.application`
	`email.mime.audio`
	`email.mime.base`
	`email.mime.image`
	`email.mime.message`
	`email.mime.multipart`
	`email.mime.nonmultipart`
	`email.mime.text`
	`email.parser`	Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.
	`email.policy`	Controlling the parsing and generating of messages
	`email.utils`	Miscellaneous email package utilities.
	`encodings`
	`encodings.idna`	Internationalized Domain Names implementation
	`encodings.mbcs`	Windows ANSI codepage
	`encodings.utf_8_sig`	UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
	`ensurepip`	Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.
	`enum`	Implementation of an enumeration class.
	`errno`	Standard errno system symbols.

	f
	`faulthandler`	Dump the Python traceback.
	`fcntl` (Unix)	The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.
	`filecmp`	Compare files efficiently.
	`fileinput`	Loop over standard input or a list of files.
	`fnmatch`	Unix shell style filename pattern matching.
	`fractions`	Rational numbers.
	`ftplib`	FTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	`functools`	Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.

	g
	`gc`	Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.
	`getopt`	Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.
	`getpass`	Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.
	`gettext`	Multilingual internationalization services.
	`glob`	Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
	`graphlib`	Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
	`grp` (Unix)	The group database (getgrnam() and friends).
	`gzip`	Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.

	h
	`hashlib`	Secure hash and message digest algorithms.
	`heapq`	Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).
	`hmac`	Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation
	`html`	Helpers for manipulating HTML.
	`html.entities`	Definitions of HTML general entities.
	`html.parser`	A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.
	`http`	HTTP status codes and messages
	`http.client`	HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
	`http.cookiejar`	Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.
	`http.cookies`	Support for HTTP state management (cookies).
	`http.server`	HTTP server and request handlers.

	i
	`idlelib`	Implementation package for the IDLE shell/editor.
	`imaplib`	IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).
	`imghdr`	Deprecated: Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream.
	`imp`	Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.
	`importlib`	The implementation of the import machinery.
	`importlib.abc`	Abstract base classes related to import
	`importlib.machinery`	Importers and path hooks
	`importlib.metadata`	Accessing package metadata
	`importlib.resources`	Package resource reading, opening, and access
	`importlib.resources.abc`	Abstract base classes for resources
	`importlib.util`	Utility code for importers
	`inspect`	Extract information and source code from live objects.
	`io`	Core tools for working with streams.
	`ipaddress`	IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.
	`itertools`	Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.

	j
	`json`	Encode and decode the JSON format.
	`json.tool`	A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.

	k
	`keyword`	Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.

	l
	`lib2to3`	The 2to3 library
	`linecache`	Provides random access to individual lines from text files.
	`locale`	Internationalization services.
	`logging`	Flexible event logging system for applications.
	`logging.config`	Configuration of the logging module.
	`logging.handlers`	Handlers for the logging module.
	`lzma`	A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.

	m
	`mailbox`	Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
	`mailcap`	Deprecated: Mailcap file handling.
	`marshal`	Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).
	`math`	Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).
	`mimetypes`	Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.
	`mmap`	Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.
	`modulefinder`	Find modules used by a script.
	`msilib` (Windows)	Deprecated: Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files.
	`msvcrt` (Windows)	Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.
	`multiprocessing`	Process-based parallelism.
	`multiprocessing.connection`	API for dealing with sockets.
	`multiprocessing.dummy`	Dumb wrapper around threading.
	`multiprocessing.managers`	Share data between process with shared objects.
	`multiprocessing.pool`	Create pools of processes.
	`multiprocessing.shared_memory`	Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.
	`multiprocessing.sharedctypes`	Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.

	n
	`netrc`	Loading of .netrc files.
	`nis` (Unix)	Deprecated: Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library.
	`nntplib`	Deprecated: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	`numbers`	Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).

	o
	`operator`	Functions corresponding to the standard operators.
	`optparse`	Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.
	`os`	Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.
	`os.path`	Operations on pathnames.
	`ossaudiodev` (Linux, FreeBSD)	Deprecated: Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.

	p
	`pathlib`	Object-oriented filesystem paths
	`pdb`	The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.
	`pickle`	Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.
	`pickletools`	Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.
	`pipes` (Unix)	Deprecated: A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines.
	`pkgutil`	Utilities for the import system.
	`platform`	Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.
	`plistlib`	Generate and parse Apple plist files.
	`poplib`	POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).
	`posix` (Unix)	The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).
	`pprint`	Data pretty printer.
	`profile`	Python source profiler.
	`pstats`	Statistics object for use with the profiler.
	`pty` (Unix)	Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix.
	`pwd` (Unix)	The password database (getpwnam() and friends).
	`py_compile`	Generate byte-code files from Python source files.
	`pyclbr`	Supports information extraction for a Python module browser.
	`pydoc`	Documentation generator and online help system.

	q
	`queue`	A synchronized queue class.
	`quopri`	Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.

	r
	`random`	Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.
	`re`	Regular expression operations.
	`readline` (Unix)	GNU readline support for Python.
	`reprlib`	Alternate repr() implementation with size limits.
	`resource` (Unix)	An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.
	`rlcompleter`	Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.
	`runpy`	Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.

	s
	`sched`	General purpose event scheduler.
	`secrets`	Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets.
	`select`	Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.
	`selectors`	High-level I/O multiplexing.
	`shelve`	Python object persistence.
	`shlex`	Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.
	`shutil`	High-level file operations, including copying.
	`signal`	Set handlers for asynchronous events.
	`site`	Module responsible for site-specific configuration.
	`sitecustomize`
	`smtpd`	Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.
	`smtplib`	SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).
	`sndhdr`	Deprecated: Determine type of a sound file.
	`socket`	Low-level networking interface.
	`socketserver`	A framework for network servers.
	`spwd` (Unix)	Deprecated: The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends).
	`sqlite3`	A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.
	`ssl`	TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
	`stat`	Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().
	`statistics`	Mathematical statistics functions
	`string`	Common string operations.
	`stringprep`	String preparation, as per RFC 3453
	`struct`	Interpret bytes as packed binary data.
	`subprocess`	Subprocess management.
	`sunau`	Deprecated: Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format.
	`symtable`	Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.
	`sys`	Access system-specific parameters and functions.
	`sys.monitoring`	Access and control event monitoring
	`sysconfig`	Python's configuration information
	`syslog` (Unix)	An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.

	t
	`tabnanny`	Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.
	`tarfile`	Read and write tar-format archive files.
	`telnetlib`	Deprecated: Telnet client class.
	`tempfile`	Generate temporary files and directories.
	`termios` (Unix)	POSIX style tty control.
	`test`	Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
	`test.regrtest`	Drives the regression test suite.
	`test.support`	Support for Python's regression test suite.
	`test.support.bytecode_helper`	Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.
	`test.support.import_helper`	Support for import tests.
	`test.support.os_helper`	Support for os tests.
	`test.support.script_helper`	Support for Python's script execution tests.
	`test.support.socket_helper`	Support for socket tests.
	`test.support.threading_helper`	Support for threading tests.
	`test.support.warnings_helper`	Support for warnings tests.
	`textwrap`	Text wrapping and filling
	`threading`	Thread-based parallelism.
	`time`	Time access and conversions.
	`timeit`	Measure the execution time of small code snippets.
	`tkinter`	Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces
	`tkinter.colorchooser` (Tk)	Color choosing dialog
	`tkinter.commondialog` (Tk)	Tkinter base class for dialogs
	`tkinter.dnd` (Tk)	Tkinter drag-and-drop interface
	`tkinter.filedialog` (Tk)	Dialog classes for file selection
	`tkinter.font` (Tk)	Tkinter font-wrapping class
	`tkinter.messagebox` (Tk)	Various types of alert dialogs
	`tkinter.scrolledtext` (Tk)	Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.
	`tkinter.simpledialog` (Tk)	Simple dialog windows
	`tkinter.tix`	Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter
	`tkinter.ttk`	Tk themed widget set
	`token`	Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.
	`tokenize`	Lexical scanner for Python source code.
	`tomllib`	Parse TOML files.
	`trace`	Trace or track Python statement execution.
	`traceback`	Print or retrieve a stack traceback.
	`tracemalloc`	Trace memory allocations.
	`tty` (Unix)	Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.
	`turtle`	An educational framework for simple graphics applications
	`turtledemo`	A viewer for example turtle scripts
	`types`	Names for built-in types.
	`typing`	Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).

	u
	`unicodedata`	Access the Unicode Database.
	`unittest`	Unit testing framework for Python.
	`unittest.mock`	Mock object library.
	`urllib`
	`urllib.error`	Exception classes raised by urllib.request.
	`urllib.parse`	Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
	`urllib.request`	Extensible library for opening URLs.
	`urllib.response`	Response classes used by urllib.
	`urllib.robotparser`	Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.
	`usercustomize`
	`uu`	Deprecated: Encode and decode files in uuencode format.
	`uuid`	UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122

	v
	`venv`	Creation of virtual environments.

	w
	`warnings`	Issue warning messages and control their disposition.
	`wave`	Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.
	`weakref`	Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.
	`webbrowser`	Easy-to-use controller for web browsers.
	`winreg` (Windows)	Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.
	`winsound` (Windows)	Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.
	`wsgiref`	WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.
	`wsgiref.handlers`	WSGI server/gateway base classes.
	`wsgiref.headers`	WSGI response header tools.
	`wsgiref.simple_server`	A simple WSGI HTTP server.
	`wsgiref.types`	WSGI types for static type checking
	`wsgiref.util`	WSGI environment utilities.
	`wsgiref.validate`	WSGI conformance checker.

	x
	`xdrlib`	Deprecated: Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).
	`xml`	Package containing XML processing modules
	`xml.dom`	Document Object Model API for Python.
	`xml.dom.minidom`	Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.
	`xml.dom.pulldom`	Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.
	`xml.etree.ElementInclude`
	`xml.etree.ElementTree`	Implementation of the ElementTree API.
	`xml.parsers.expat`	An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.
	`xml.parsers.expat.errors`
	`xml.parsers.expat.model`
	`xml.sax`	Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.
	`xml.sax.handler`	Base classes for SAX event handlers.
	`xml.sax.saxutils`	Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.
	`xml.sax.xmlreader`	Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.
	`xmlrpc`	Server and client modules implementing XML-RPC.
	`xmlrpc.client`	XML-RPC client access.
	`xmlrpc.server`	Basic XML-RPC server implementations.

	z
	`zipapp`	Manage executable Python zip archives
	`zipfile`	Read and write ZIP-format archive files.
	`zipimport`	Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.
	`zlib`	Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.
	`zoneinfo`	IANA time zone support